Minute particulars

The particulars on parechovirus

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND HPeV are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA picornoviruses that were first detected in 1956 in children with diarrhea. HPeV-1 and HPeV-2 were originally believed to belong to the genus Enterovirus (EV) and were named echoviruses 22 and 23 (1). In 1999, HPeV were assigned their genus name when genomic sequencing proved that they were not EV. At least 14 other...

Some Particulars in the Anatomy of the Whale

Three Levels of Cognition: Particulars, Universals, and Representals

It is shown that apart from the two well known levels of cognition involving the epistemological concepts particulars and universals, there is an intermediate level of cognition necessitating a new epistemological concept which we call represental. This has become necessary as a result of emergence of statistics (an empirical science), the theory of probability (a branch of pure mathematics), a...

Itzaj Maya Folkbiological Taxonomy: Cognitive Universals and Cultural Particulars

Explaining universal tendencies and language particulars in analogical change

In other verbs, singular∼plural vowel alternations were not lost, but were simply rearranged. For example, in strong verbs like hëlfen ‘help’, nëmen ‘take’, and geben ‘give’ (classes IIIb, IV and V, respectively) the 1sg formwas rebuilt tomatch the plural, as in (2a) (ibid., §242). The result was a new alternation within the present tense paradigm, parallel to a separate pattern of alternation ...